Jurisdictions

CYPRUS

CORPORATE FEATURES

GENERAL Type of Company IBC Political Stability Good Common or Civil Law Common Disclosure of Beneficial Owner Yes, but confidential Tax on Offshore Profits 10% Language of Name Latin or Greek Alphabet CORPORATE REQUIREMENTS Minimum Number of Shareholders One Minimum Number of Directors One Bearer Shares Allowed No Corporate Directors Permitted Yes Company Secretary Required Yes Standard Authorised Share Capital  CYP 1,000 LOCAL REQUIREMENTS Registered Office/Agent Yes Company Secretary No, but advisable Local Directors No Local Meetings No Government Register of Directors  Yes Government Register of Shareholders  Yes ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS Annual Return Yes Submit Accounts Yes RECURRING GOVERNMENT COSTS Minimum Annual Tax/Licence Fee N/A Annual Return Filing Fee CYP 7

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NAMES REQUIRING CONSENT OR A LICENCE

The following words or their derivatives: assurance, bank, building society, Chamber of Commerce, co-operative, council, finance, insurance, loans, municipal, reinsurance, savings and trust and their foreign language equivalents.

SUFFIXES TO DENOTE LIMITED LIABILITY

Exempt companies must utilise Limited or Ltd as a suffix whilst LLCs must utilise Limited Liability Company or LLC.

DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS

Apart from a limited treaty with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man is not party to any double tax treaties.

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ISLE OF MAN

CORPORATE FEATURES

GENERAL Type of Company Exempt International LLC Political Stability Excellent Common or Civil Law Common  Disclosure of Beneficial Owner No Tax on Offshore Profits No Language of Name Latin Alphabet CORPORATE REQUIREMENTS Minimum Number of Shareholders/Members One Two Minimum Number of Directors/Managers Two One Bearer Shares Allowed No No Corporate Directors/Managers Permitted No Yes Company Secretary Required Yes No Standard Authorised Capital £2,000 £ 2 LOCAL REQUIREMENTS Registered Office/Agent Yes Yes Company Secretary Yes No Local Directors No No Local Meetings No No Government Register of Directors/Managers Yes No Government Register of Shareholders/Members Yes Yes ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS  Annual Return Yes Yes Submit Accounts Yes No RECURRING GOVERNMENT COSTS Minimum Annual Tax/Licence Fee Nincs L 430 Annual Return Filing Fee L 50 L 50

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NAMES REQUIRING CONSENT OR A LICENCE

The following words or their derivatives: assurance, bank, building society, Chamber of Commerce, co-operative, council, finance, insurance, loans, municipal, reinsurance, savings and trust and their foreign language equivalents.

SUFFIXES TO DENOTE LIMITED LIABILITY

Exempt companies must utilise Limited or Ltd as a suffix whilst LLCs must utilise Limited Liability Company or LLC.

DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS

Apart from a limited treaty with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man is not party to any double tax treaties.

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LICHTENSTEIN

CORPORATE FEATURES

GENERAL Type of Company AG Anstalt Political Stability Excellent Common or Civil Law Civil Disclosure of Beneficial Owner No Tax on Offshore Profits Nil Nil Language of Name Latin Alphabet CORPORATE REQUIREMENTS Minimum Number of Shareholders One One holder of the Founders rights Minimum Number of Directors One One Bearer Shares Allowed Yes Other solution Corporate Directors Permitted Yes Yes Company Secretary Required No No Standard Authorised Share Capital CHF 50,000 CHF 30,000 LOCAL REQUIREMENTS Registered Office/Agent Yes Yes Company Secretary  No No Local Directors Yes Yes Local Meetings No No Government Register of Directors Yes Yes Government Register of Shareholders No No ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS Annual Return Yes Yes Submit Accounts Yes Yes / No RECURRING GOVERNMENT COSTS Minimum Annual Tax/Licence Fee CHF 1,000 CHF 1,000 Annual Return Filing Fee N/A N/A

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NAMES REQUIRING CONSENT OR A LICENCE

The following names or their derivatives: bank, building society, savings, insurance, assurance, reinsurance, fund management, investment fund, Liechtenstein, state, country, municipality, principality, Red Cross and their foreign language equivalents.

SUFFIXES TO DENOTE LIMITED LIABILITY

• Aktiengesellschaft - AG.
• Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung - GmbH.
• Anstalt - Establishment

DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS

Liechtenstein has only one double tax agreement, which is with Austria.

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LUXEMBOURG

CORPORATE FEATURES

GENERAL Type of Company S.A. Political Stability Excellent Common or Civil Law Civil Disclosure of Beneficial Owner No Tax on Offshore Profits 30% but incomes derived from holding activity are exempt Language of Name Latin Alphabet CORPORATE REQUIREMENTS Minimum Number of Shareholders One Minimum Number of Directors Three Bearer Shares Allowed Yes Corporate Directors Permitted No Company Secretary Required No Standard Authorised Share Capital EUR 31.000 LOCAL REQUIREMENTS Registered Office/Agent Yes Company Secretary No Local Directors No Local Meetings No Government Register of Directors Yes Government Register of Shareholders No ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS Annual Return Yes Submit Accounts Yes RECURRING GOVERNMENT COSTS Minimum Annual Tax/Licence Fee EUR 500 Annual Return Filing Fee N/A

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NAMES REQUIRING CONSENT OR LICENCE

The French and German names for assurance, bank, building society, co-operative, council, fund management, insurance, investment fund, municipal, reinsurance and their foreign language equivalents.

SUFFIXES TO DENOTE LIMITED LIABILITY

Societe Anonyme or SA

DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS

Luxembourg has entered in to many double tax agreements.

Luxembourg companies with SOPARFI provisions may access Luxembourg's extensive treaty network. Treaties have been concluded with:

Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, The Czech and Slovak Republics, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland (air traffic treaty only), Ireland, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, CIS (air traffic treaty only) United Kingdom and the United States of America.

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